midterm essays & answers

Short answers. Pick 6 for 3 points each. few sentences that answer the questions.
What is positive freedom? Who is it for? Examples?
“Capabilities” – providing ability & OPPORTUNITY to do things for whole population – universal education, health care, public transportation, parks, microcredit etc Progressives who believe “all men =” & believe poverty is mostly result of environment, & rich are not superior, believe in positive changes to environment for all
What is negative freedom? Who loves it and what are the usual results?
Right to be let alone. Result – laissez Faire economics – big gap rich & poor, politics corrupt by $$$ as in 1880’s & 1920’s & 1980’s & 2000’s
What did Adam Smith say about size of markets & division of labor & economic productivity? The Larger the market, the greater the division of labor and thus the more efficiency & economic growth
What are 2 kinds of side-effects of markets / trade called & give a few examples?
positive & negative externalities. Negative : pollution (energy taxes can help cure) & Positive: universal education (do for voting – helps economy), universal health care (do for humanitarian reasons, turns out to be cheaper, more efficient so saves auto jobs).
How did the way Winston Churchill divided up the mid-east, including Iraq, differ from the way Woodrow Wilson advocated? Oil imperialism – draw boundaries to include all the known oil vs Wilson’s self-determination – decided by experts on populations, languages, cultures & political history . Make a country that can be democratically ruled. Lincoln “House divided against itself cannot stand”
What happened in Tulsa Oklahoma in 1921 & why? “Black Wall Street” was burnt down in a huge race riot by Klanners who couldn’t stand that Blacks were thriving economically. This disproved the white trash’s most cherished valuable beliefs
How did the way alcoholism & poverty were viewed change from Social Darwinists to Progressives? SD’s thought poor and alcoholics inherently inferior, sinful, lazy, stupid, etc Progressives believe environments & opportunities were major factors – hard to get rich if you start working in a mine at 12 – easier if you inherit a few million and go to Yale. Bush43 “poor are lazy”
Medium answers. Give a bit more detail and more sentences . Pick 5 for 5 points each.
Compare Booker T Washington & WEB DuBois on Reconstruction, political rights & education. B T Washington said Blacks weren’t ready to rule in radical reconstruction (already disenfranchised by violence) so the right to vote could be compromised (why die?)– self-improvement & vocational education was the emphasis so Blacks could advance economically – become middle class in segregated communities.
DuBois wrote path-breaking history of reconstruction and said Blacks did better than white trash governments. Blacks must fight for all their rights including political and have an education opportunities appropriate for the “talented tenth” of leaders, political and cultural.
What were elements of Marcus Garvey’s program & how was it influenced by where he was from? Garvey was from Jamaica which had a history of successful slave revolts and black rule so any sense of inferiority was ridiculous. JAMAICA ruled mostly by “light” blacks in a “caste” system, He emphasized (1) Black pride in their African past (especially Ethiopia – only independent black-African nation and Egypt (2) “Africa for the Africans” so American blacks would have foreign advocates like the Irish and (3) no “caste” system distinguishing between light and dark African-Americans and (4) international black unity from Africa to Caribbean to US including (5) maybe Liberia as headquarters?
What did the Balfour Declaration say, why was it issued when it was, and what contradiction did it contain? (1) English government looks with favor on Jewish homeland in Palestine with (2) no prejudice to rights of current inhabitants. But (3) 2 peoples can’t own same land. (4) It was issued in 1917 for Jewish favor – since many believed Jews controlled the Bolshevik Revolution. A few Jews also had lotsa $$

Why is Imperialism much harder to pull off now than in the 1800’s? (1) media (can’t slaughter in private anymore)
(2) expectations of self-determination, people believe what US founders said about ruling your own country . (3) arms trade, everyone can get cool weapons now, no monopoly for Europeans (4) urbanization harder to suppress those in buildings than scattered in country

What different kinds of violence did African Americans experience in the South after the Civil War? What political & economic purposes were served? (1) Klan violence especially for (2) disenfranchising Blacks and (3) lynching for (4) economic or personal “uppity” behavior day to day, including wearing a military uniform or not stepping aside.

How did the Soviet / Comintern “Party Line” change in the 1930’s & why?
It was originally (1) “revolutionary” trying to debunk all other leftists including Socialists & NAACP. After Hitler came to power the line was (2) “popular Front” unity of all progressives (including New Deal, CIO, NAACP) in an anti-Fascist coalition because (3) debunking all other leftists had led to Hitler’s victory and his wiping out of all progressives including commies. After Hitler-Stalin Pact in 1939 it was (4) “who-ever-heard-of-anti-fascism” Hitler is OK & any westerner who says otherwise is a war-monger.

How did the ideal woman change from the middle-class model of the 1880’s (name?) to the Progressive Bloomer girl to the “New Woman” of the 1920’s? The middle class model of the 1880’s was the (1) “cult-of-true-womenhood” which emphasized (2) purity, piety, chastity & submissiveness . The (3) “Bloomer girl” of the progressive (and settlement house) era was often Lithe & athletic & more independent. More women had work and were interested in meaningful work. The (4) “New Women” of the “Roaring”1920’s partied-hearty and might be smoking and having a drink.

Long Essays. Pick 3 for 10 points each. Why did Imperialism & scientific racism happen to Southern Africa & South America instead of the other way around (to Europeans)?
Eurasia had (1) easily domesticable seeds (2) easily domesticable animals (3) similar latitudes & thus similar climates so seeds / plants are easily trade-able or transferable, These 3 make for (4) surplus food which allows for (5) division of labor & specialization & inventions from writing to metals to ceramics etc etc all the way to ocean going ships.
Eurasia’s advanced “extra food” civilizations could trade with each other (5) within large areas and share advances(6)- Southern Africa had no good rivers (7), Southern Africa & New World no draft animals & Bottlenecks (8) like Panana and Sahara for trade in general & North-South orientation which lead to dissimilar climates which doesn’t let domesticable plants be shared easily. Tropical diseases don’t allow domesticable animals to be shared in Southern Africa. (9)The concentrated populations & domesticable animals of Eurasia also create a breeding ground for deadly diseases which the New World peoples, with no domesticable animals and less concentrated populations do not develop immunities to. This meant many millions died when the Eurasians came, which made conquest much easier. (10) All these accidents meant Eurasians had the inventions & diseases to conquer the others, and having won, and having lots of cool inventions made Eurasians believe their races / countries were superior.

What were the underlying and more immediate causes of WWI?
Imperialism was the underlying cause. Because of the accidents of geography Europeans COULD conquer others. Many (Lodge, Churchill) believed thatconquering would make them richer. Most believed their material superiority was due to racial superiority so they deserved to control their inferiors, who might be dying off anyway. Some Eurasians thought their religions or their morals were superior. Competition for colonies led to arms races and suspicion. Suspicion led to alliances with promises to fight if the other was attacked. When Archduke Ferdinand was killed by Serbians their Russian allies were drawn into the fight when Austria demanded concessions from Serbia. Germany was an ally of the Austrians , France and England allies of the Russians. Slow to mobilize Russia had to start getting ready just in case …. And Germany had to get ready to hold off Russia and attack France quickly before Russia could get really organized. The escalation of threats & mobilization schedules led to a war noone wanted or thought was coming.

What happened at the end of WWI and in the Versailles Peace Treaty that helped lead to WWII?
The Allies never marched through Berlin as General Pershing suggested, so Hitler believed & convinced others that Jews (in the Weimar government) stabbed Germany in the back when Germany really wasn’t defeated. The total collapse of German army after the war and the absence of Russia also meant that Wilson had no effective negotiation allies to make the settlement more like the generous 14 points he intended. Germans were pissed at French & English nastiness compared to promises of 14 points.
German and European economy hurt by Reparations which could only be paid with a delicate series of loans to Germany which went to France & England which paid back American loans ... but noone helped rebuild delicate economies.
The defeat of the League in America insured that no-one could take effective action to stop Hitler (or Italy or Japan) so aggression paid for a long time and became a habit.
As Keynes noted in “Econ Consequences of Peace” breaking up German territory & industries (especially steel & coal) and imposing harsh reparations meant economic problems which make it much easier for Hitler to stir up anger & hate.
The stolen teritory also gave Hitler good excuses for aggression.

America used to have depressions regularly, but as economic thinking advanced we figured out how to prevent them. Starting with the 1893 depression give an outline of emerging theories from Gold to Keynes and mention how they fixed previous depressions. Mention Fiscal & Monetary policy.

The Gold Standard meant currency was limited by gold discoveries. By 1890’s there wasn’t enough currency to maintain much-increased economic activity. Less than ½ amount of $$$ per-capita, leading to huge deflation. Debtors who had to pay debts in money worth twice as much, and the poor were hurt most, as the dollars of the rich become twice as valuable. The depression of 1893 was caused in part by this lack of currency which limited consumption . A huge income skew between rich & poor reinforced this under-consumption. The income skew came in part because taxes moved from progressive income (on rich) to tariffs where the poor (consumers) paid more.
The Federal Reserve was designed to prevent this kind of depression by making the money supply match the level of economic activity. The Fed did this by monetary policy which includes printing money & setting interest rates. Printing $ and lowering interest rates would combat deflation. Raising interest rates & printing less would combat inflation (inflation happened in Germany in the 1930’s when it took a wheelbarrow of $$$ to buy stuff).
Keynes said the economy might settle at an activity level less than full employment and then you needed to do public works or give welfare $$ or otherwise “prime the pump” economically, not just match the low activity level . FDR didn’t read Keynes in 1938, when cutting relief & not running a deficit caused a recession which made the deficit even bigger.

Military Industrial Complex

we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations.
This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the Military-Industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.
Another factor in maintaining balance involves the element of time. As we peer into society's future, we -- you and I, and our government -- must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without risking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow. ………..
Down the long lane of the history yet to be written America knows that this world of ours, ever growing smaller, must avoid becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate, and be instead, a proud confederation of mutual trust and respect.
Such a confederation must be one of equals. The weakest must come to the conference table with the same confidence as do we, protected as we are by our moral, economic, and military strength. That table, though scarred by many past frustrations, cannot be abandoned for the certain agony of the battlefield.
Disarmament, with mutual honor and confidence, is a continuing imperative. Together we must learn how to compose differences, not with arms, but with intellect and decent purpose. Because this need is so sharp and apparent I confess that I lay down my official responsibilities in this field with a definite sense of disappointment. As one who has witnessed the horror and the lingering sadness of war -- as one who knows that another war could utterly destroy this civilization which has been so slowly and painfully built over thousands of years -- I wish I could say tonight that a lasting peace is in sight.

short essays 10 / 23

Write 2 short essays (not much more than 100 words each) telling what economic and political principles (which we have studied in this course) are reflected in this proposal & the description of our economy now. Mention other historical periods. Write sentences. Write clearly.
….. suggested taxing carbon dioxide emissions instead of employees' pay in a bid to stem global warming. "Penalizing pollution instead of penalizing employment will work to reduce that pollution," ……..The pollution tax would replace all payroll taxes, including those for Social Security and unemployment compensation, …….. said the overall level of taxation, would remain the same. ……"Instead of discouraging businesses from hiring more employees it would discourage business from producing more pollution," …. also proposed that the United States re-join any successor to the UN Kyoto Protocol for curbing global warming beyond 2012. Scientists believe global warming is caused by the trapping of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, in Earth's atmosphere. The consequences of this climate change include rising seas, stronger storms and intense heat waves














Corporate profits have risen 62.2% since beginning of recovery, compared to average growth of 13.9% at the same point in the last eight recoveries that have lasted as long as the current one …. fastest rate of profit growth in a recovery since World War II. Total labor compensation …. has fallen as a share of GDP from 66.5% in late 2000 to 62.7% today. ……growth in total wage and salary income, the primary source of take-home pay for workers, has actually been negative for private-sector workers: -0.6%, versus the 7.2% gain …average increase …. ominous signs, suggesting a new march toward greater inequality in the American economy. Worse, the growth in profits combined with a drop in wage and salary incomes suggest that the recovery has a narrow base, with most American consumers only able to increase their purchasing power through debt ……. 14th straight quarter,… share of GDP that consists of wage and salary income fell …. unprecedented during the post-World War II era …. Over a million people falling into poverty annually for the last 4 years ….

Gore "tax pollution not payrolls"

Al Gore gave a major speech on global warming at NYU law. Notably, he called for an immediate freeze on CO2 emissions:

Well, first of all, we should start by immediately freezing CO2 emissions and then beginning sharp reductions. Merely engaging in high-minded debates about theoretical future reductions while continuing to steadily increase emissions represents a self-delusional and reckless approach. In some ways, that approach is worse than doing nothing at all, because it lulls the gullible into thinking that something is actually being done when in fact it is not.

An immediate freeze has the virtue of being clear, simple, and easy to understand. It can attract support across partisan lines as a logical starting point for the more difficult work that lies ahead.

Gore also called for the complete elimination of the payroll tax. It would be replaced by a tax on CO2:

For the last fourteen years, I have advocated the elimination of all payroll taxes — including those for social security and unemployment compensation — and the replacement of that revenue in the form of pollution taxes — principally on CO2. The overall level of taxation would remain exactly the same. It would be, in other words, a revenue neutral tax swap. But, instead of discouraging businesses from hiring more employees, it would discourage business from producing more pollution.

Gore concludes:

This is an opportunity for bipartisanship and transcendence, an opportunity to find our better selves and in rising to meet this challenge, create a better brighter future — a future worthy of the generations who come after us and who have a right to be able to depend on us.

Science Ignored again

October 14, 2006
Editorial
Science Ignored, Again

The Bush administration loves to talk about the virtues of “sound science,” by which it usually means science that buttresses its own political agenda. But when some truly independent science comes along to threaten that agenda, the administration often ignores or minimizes it. The latest example involves the Environmental Protection Agency’s decision to reject the recommendations of experts inside and outside the government who had urged a significant tightening of federal standards regulating the amount of soot in the air.

At issue were so-called fine particles, tiny specks of soot that are less than one-thirtieth the diameter of a human hair. They penetrate deep into the lungs and circulatory system and have been implicated in tens of thousands of deaths annually from both respiratory and coronary disease. The E.P.A., obliged under the Clean Air Act to set new exposure levels every five years, tightened the daily standard. But it left unchanged the annual standard, which affects chronic exposure and which the medical community regards as more important.

In so doing, the agency rejected the recommendation of its own staff scientists and even that of its Clean Air Scientific Advisory Council, a 22-member group of outside experts that had recommended a significant tightening of the standards. Stephen Johnson, the agency administrator, claimed there was “insufficient evidence” linking health problems to long-term exposure. He added that “wherever the science gave us a clear picture, we took clear action,” noting also that “there was not complete agreement on the standard.”

One wonders how much evidence Mr. Johnson requires, and how “complete” an “agreement” must be before he takes action. A 20-2 vote in favor of stronger standards seems fairly convincing to us; likewise the unanimous plea for stronger standards from mainstream groups like the American Medical Association.

The environmental and medical communities suspect that the administration’s main motive was to save the power companies and other industrial sources of pollution about $1.9 billion in new investment that the more protective annual standard would have required. But here, too, the administration appears to have ignored expert advice. Last Friday, the agency released an economic analysis showing that in exchange for $1.9 billion in new costs, the stronger annual standards could save as many as 24,000 thousand lives and as much as $50 billion annually in health care and other costs to society. Studies like these always offer a range of possible outcomes, but even at the lower end — 2,200 lives and $4.3 billion in money saved — the cost-benefit ratios are very favorable.

In the next year or so, the administration must decide whether to tighten the standards for another pollutant, ground-level ozone, which causes smog and is also associated with respiratory diseases. The scientific advisory committee has tentatively recommended that the ozone standard be tightened, citing new evidence of smog’s adverse effects. This time Mr. Johnson should pay more attention to the scientists and less to the political strategists in the White House.

quizzes

(8) What did Adam Smith say about the benefits of trade & size of markets & division of labor? Larger the market, greater division of labor, more efficiency & economic growth
(10) What is positive freedom? Capabilities – providing ability & OPPORTUNITY to do things for whole population – universal education, health care, public transportation, parks etc – not just political & economic domination by rich
(11) What is negative freedom(2pts)? Right to be let alone. Result – laissez Faire economics – big gap rich & poor, politics corrupt by $$$. 1880’s & 1920’s & 1980’s
(12)What are the side-effects of markets / trade called? (2pts) positive & negative externalities. Give examples of the two kinds.(2pts) negative pollution (energy taxes?) & universal education, universal health care (cheaper, more efficient).
1. The claim is often made that Darwinian evolution implies that cut-throat competition “red in tooth and claw” is the rule of nature. Refute. (2)
Social Animals like humans aren’t pure competition - cooperate to some extent – Ants, Bees workers total sacrifice for benefit of colony – Elephants show huge compassion..
Human evolution early hominids – hunting bands paired couples mostly – women don’t display estrus would cause distraction & competition between males. Hurt efficient hunt.
2. Mention advantages the US had over Europe in economic development 1870-1920.
2/3 world Coal Great Water transport - Great lakes, Hudson, Mississippi, Hudson River & Erie canal Gold & Silver in West
Less Defense costs – oceans protect us. Indians are disease riddled & non-Eurasian
Big Market - RR System with Same Gauge facilitates trade compared to Europe’s internal tariffs & varied RR gauges from invasion paranoia
Education System (Democracy) leads to free secondary educ and most Libraries
Workers scarce, few craftsmen – encourage American System & labor saving devices
Legal system lets anything happen in name of economic growth - land use no limits
Social Darwinist ideology& racial / ethnic / religious divisions lets workers be used disposably. Human rights are “Humbug” - great SHORT TERM maximized economic growth and damn the environment
3. What is Social Darwinism? Social position is determined by fair “Darwinian” competition. Rich worked their way up from poverty (or could have due to superiority)
Poor are in the gutter because they have moral defects or racial inferiority or both
Attempts to help poor are misguided – upset the “natural” order – just make them lazier and more pathetic Kill that nasty minimum wage. “Tragedy of American Compassion”
4. Mention 3 taxes a Social Darwinist would dislike? Wealth ( as in Islam or Jesus)
Inheritance (estate / “DEATH TAX”) Paris Hilton & Steve Forbes deserve 0% rate!!!
Graduated Income. UGH! Social Darwinist mantra “LOW MARGINAL TAX RATES”
Capital Gains : wealth increases in value & produce $$ for you. Interest Income (Usury) Current SD’s hate environmental laws & hate Energy taxes (pollution externalities) “government interference” Which tax or what kind of taxes would a Social Darwinist prefer? Consumption, includes Tariff or Sales (poor consume most of their income, rich invest) Payroll tax –LOVE this - stops at $85,000 – exempt most of rich income Flat Tax (benefits top 6% - bottom 94% pay more)
Practically speaking do not want to have too high taxes on investments or incomeLIdi Amin, “eat the rich”) leads to evasion, shifting kinds of income to lower rate type Republicans predicted Clinton’s tax increases on Rich would kill economy & destroy incentives – created record Job Growth & investment bubble & huge economic growth
6 What “crime” caused the lynching which started Ida Wells on her anti-lynching crusade? Economic success – culling of Alpha black males -
7. What was “Fusion”? (3) Populists attempt to create a racial unity party – poor whites and poor blacks both getting screwed by Bourbons (rich whites)
Who is generally most racist? The group just above the “mud-sill” class
8. What happened to the money supply between 1865 and the 1880’s? (2) Drastic contraction – ½ per capita (1/6 populists claim)
9. Who was hurt by this change in money supply? (1) Debtors who have to pay back loans in more valuable $$ Mortgaged farmers - Poor especially in the south where credit was scarcest . Why? The more scarce something is the more valuable) Rich get richer.
11. Who was Jay Gould & what did he do? (5) Shyster stock manipulation – buy RR’s & blackmail competitors
12. What was Andrew Carnegie’s organizational innovation and what does it mean? (3)
Vertical integration – from ore in ground to finished product – noone else gets any profit
13. What industrial process did Carnegie exploit? (1) Bessemer Process
14. What made Carnegie beloved? (2) Charity – Libraries – gave early and often – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace “dying with lots of money is shameful” put profits back into society
15. How did John D Rockefeller gain a dishonest advantage on his competitors? (3) Secret rebates from RR’s – paid for competitors transport so they can’t compete
16 What did the Dawes Act do? (3) Break up Indian lands – 160 acres per family – foster individualism – Whites grab the extra (including Oklahoma)
Quiz 9 - 15 Mention 3 customs or characteristics of Hawaiian Society that led missionaries to deplore their depravity. naked, give away kids to establish social bonds, unashamed of sex, love nature full of gods, not conquer
14 What were 2 of the concessions Booker T Washington made to White Southerners?
Reconstruction was horrible, blacks not ready; never mind the vote or social equality What were conflicting educational approaches of Booker T Washington and the Niagara Movement? Vocational practical vs need a talented 10th which earns everything to lead
15. What were 2 changes in education in the South after 1900. More $$$, more race discrimination in funding
16. Why would bi-metalism be tricky & what would Gresham’s law predict would happen because of the Comstock discoveries? Ratios not stable, bad $ drives out good
17. How did Immigration to the US change - before 1880 compared to after 1880? Northwest Europe to Southeast Europe
18. The _nuclear_ family was seen as the backbone of society by middle-class families?
19. The Cult of True womanhood said that middle-class women should be
__chaste_, _pure , _submissive_ , and _pious_.
21. How did Frances Willard of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union change the way people saw alcohol abuse? (2) Disease not sin – environment, not inherently inferior
22. What factors in the American Economy encouraged the desire & need for colonies and Ports? Explain. (4) not enough consumption for increased production (income skew) look to China etc for markets. Grab before others grab
23. Which theorist wrote a book encouraging the grabbing ports and what was the name of his book? (2) Albert Thayer McMahan Influence of seapower on history
Extra credit : what was the only good part of Captain Cook’s legacy? (1) roast
19. What was Eugenics? (2) scientific breeding based on scientific racism – superior breed more What was a method used? (1) forced sterilization
21. What foreign leader borrowed American ideas about Eugenics?(1) Hitler
22. What radical changes did Henry Ford make in 1914 affecting his workers. $5 & 8 hrs
23. Ford had a couple of reasons for his move. What was a reason which relates to the causes of the Depression of 1893. (2) insufficient consumption – enable workers buy cars
24. Why were the productivity increases from Ford’s new assembly lines disappointing? ) absenteeism, high turnover, sloppy work
25. What is “Noblesse Oblige”? (2) Obligations of rich to poor
What practical experience affected Teddy Roosevelt’s view of the poor? (1) Police Commissioner NYC
What was “Brandeis Brief”? (2) scientific sociological jurispridence on social questions
29. The formation of __women’s colleges___ late 1800’s had an influence on many of leaders of the Progressive movement who had trouble getting jobs in business or law.
What did Karl Marx say about religion? Opiate of the people
What did Karl Marx say about private property? Theft
What did Karl Marx say about income of the working class? Going down till revolution
Which book by Vladimir Lenin influenced Ho Chi Minh? Imperialism highest form Capitalism. What did Lenin predict about the future in the areas covered by that book? Colonial revolts
What organization founded by Soviet Union in 1919 caused fear in the West? Comintern
What was the organization supposed to do? Propaganda, spy, spread revolution
What did Wilson’s 14 Points say about treaties & covenants between nations (which is also a requirement for good democracy and science)? Openly arrived at - transparency
What was the primary underlying reason for World War I? Imperialism
What does this word mean? Conquer & control other countries
What effect did World War I have on American farmers’ income? Double, except in South- Boll weevil & cotton shipping interference
What effect did World War I have on US farm mechanization & why? Speed up – hi priced horses sell quick – advances in engines
What was central disagreement about the League of Nations between Wilson & Lodge? Article 10 Why didn’t Lodge like this requirement? Hinder American Imperialism
What important future leader did Lodge’s victory help? Hitler
How did the way Winston Churchill drew borders of Iraq differ from how Woodrow Wilson wanted to draw the boundaries? Oil imperialism vs self-determination
What did Woodrow Wilson bring to treaty talks that illustrated “Progressive” tendencies? experts on populations, languages, cultures, political history
WWI •Imperialism & imperial attitude :
Must conquer to thrive vs free trade & self determination & all men =•
Must compete with other conquerors …. arms races & alliances
• mobilization schedules …. archduke Ferdinand shot
•Why imperialism doesn’t work : media (can’t slaughter in private anymore)
• expectations of self-determination. arms trade, urbanization
Causes of WWII •End of war, no march thru Berlin – “stabbed in back”
•Treaty :14 points promised, blame, reparations, land grab instead
•No repudiation of racism for Japanese
•Keynes “economic consequences of peace” split German coal & steel area cripple economy. Reparations delicate borrowing loop
No League – pissed off Gemans & Italians & Japanese experiment with grabbing

•Balfour? English government looks with favor on Jewish homeland in Palestine with no prejudice to rights of current inhabitants. But 2 peoples can’t own same land
•1917 for Jewish favor – control Bolsheviks, have $$
•Also Parallels Jewish English history
•Old Testament tradition England Jews rebuild temple & Christ returns ,
•what contradiction? Palestinian Muslims & Christians?
•Surrounding Arabs sympathize
•US immigration cutoff 1924 – more Jews were leaving Palestine for uS than going to Palestine

•Gold standard – hard currency – depends on discoveries.
• may not match econ activity origin of banks – gold & receipts
• Andrew Mellon : sound currency! let them starve! Run a surplus
•Federal Reserve. make money supply match economic activity level
•Keynes : economy may settle at level below full employment - momentum
•Monetary policy – amount of $$. More needed if deflation, less if inflation.
• interest rate up if inflation (too much activity), down if high unemployment
•Tax policy insufficient demand : more progressive taxation
• insufficient supply / investment – lower tax on investors / rich
•Fiscal policy – Govt spending welfare & public works
• Below full activity – spend on public works, run a deficit & increase welfare payments
• Hyperactivity (bubble) raise taxes on investors,
• raise margin requirements
• raise interest rates
NAACP Challenges Segregation in Courts •
•Till late 1930’s afraid of direct challenge. If Plessy reaffirmed calamity.
•Charles Houston “lawyer is either social engineer of parasite on society” Attack Jim Crow at most vulnerable point, school segregation. Clear, gross, easily documented.
•1938 Missouri Law School decision – new professional schools at Black state colleges
•1940 Thurgood Marshall takes over NAACP Legal head
•1944 White Primary race discrimination